About 'university of florida dental school'|The Christian Medical & Dental Associations - another group, another batch of lies
Odontology and psychological profiling are two aspects of forensic detection that have proven to be very useful in the apprehension of criminals and murderers. This article will briefly about both aspects and how they have contributed to forensic science. Odontology: The teeth are by far the most durable part of the human body. Long after the rest of the body has decomposed, the teeth remain. In cases of fires and explosions, the teeth are often the only remains with which officials can work to identify the victim. In order to identify a person based on his or her teeth, it is essential to have pre and post mortem dental records for the person. If the person does not have a pre-death dental record than there will be nothing to compare the post mortem dental cast to. The art of forensic odontology is so precise that it is possible to positively identify a person from one tooth. There are approximately 200 forensic odontology methods that exist internationally, but since it is impossible to cover them all, I will only describe the American/Universal method: Each of the 32 adult teeth is assigned a specific number. The upper right third molar is number one and the teeth are numbered until the lower right third molar (number thirty-two) is reached. The odontologist then records information about each tooth, which may be helpful to the identification process. The information is used to create an odontogram for the individual. An interesting development began in 1986 when the American Dental Association started a new program. In this program, a coded microdisk is adhered to the tooth of an individual. The microdisk contains the details of the person's identity and its code can be translated by a computer. The teeth are also very useful in age determination. The markings on the teeth can be used to determine age within twenty days if the person is a child/teenager, and within 4-5 years if the person is an adult. Possibly the most infamous case solved by odontology was that of Theodore "Ted" Bundy. Ted Bundy was a serial killer/rapist who preyed almost entirely upon co-ed aged young women. Between 1969 and 1975 he traveled through Utah, California, the Pacific Northwest and Colorado; wherever he went, death followed. He had several ruses that he favored when luring a victim such as impersonating a police officer and faking injuries. One of his victims was fortunate enough to escape and identified her attacker. Bundy was arrested and incarcerated. In June of 1977, after being extradited to Colorado, he escaped from prison. He was recaptured eight days later only to escape again on December 30 of the same year. Two weeks later, he embarked on a mass killing that would lead to his downfall... the Chi Omega massacre. Chi Omega was a sorority house at Florida State University. On January 15, 1978, Ted Bundy broke into the house wearing a stocking over his head and carrying a wooden club. By the time he left the building, two young women were severely injured and two were dead. One of the deceased victims, Lisa Levy, had bite marks on her buttocks. The officer on the scene placed a ruler by the marks for scaling purposes and had the bite marks photographed. Approximately one month later, Bundy was arrested in Pensacola under the name of Chris Hagen for driving a vehicle that was reported stolen. When it was discovered that Hagen was Ted Bundy, authorities began to suspect that he was the perpetrator of the Chi Omega massacre. As it goes, suspicion and concrete evidence are two very different things and the police needed something that would undoubtedly tie Bundy to the Chi Omega murders. Crime scene specialist, William Gunter, visited the home of Bundy and found something very disturbing... from ceiling to floor, there were absolutely no fingerprints; Bundy had wiped the entire room clean. Of course this is considered very odd since most people (who do not have anything to hide) do not walk around the house in gloves or wipe down every fingerprint, but odd as it was, it still was not enough to prove anything. The authorities decided to use the bite marks on Lisa Levy's buttocks for a dental comparison. Bundy refused to provide authorities with dental impressions, but this problem was soon rectified with a search warrant. His teeth were photographed and he was told to bite a compound for the purposes of making a cast. The marks matched up and the case went to trial. Bundy was sentenced to death, a sentence that was carried out in Florida on January 24, 1989 via the electric chair. Psychological Profiling: In order to comprehend the actions of a criminal, one must first comprehend the mind of a criminal. Psychological profiling is a very unique aspect of forensic detection, as it does not deal with physical clues and analysis; it is the art of psychological clues and their meanings. Every serial killer has an MO, a specific pattern that he/she usually keeps to. This pattern can and usually does vary and evolve over time. Beneath the MO of a serial killer lies his/her criminal signature. Just like a handwritten signature, a criminal signature is unique to each individual. A signature, unlike an MO, never varies and is always present; they are the psychological calling cards of the killer. Psychological profilers combine signatures with common sense and observation to decipher the psychological clues left at a crime scene. The main purpose of this is to create a profile of the killer and predict his or her path in an attempt to capture him/her. Such a task is not an easy one, even to a trained professional. It is comparable to solving a human jigsaw puzzle with no guidance. A quintessential example of a case solved by psychological profiling is that of Richard Trenton Chase, the "Vampire of Sacramento." David Wallin went home on the evening of January 23, 1978 to a horrible sight: his 22-year-old, three month pregnant wife was lying butchered in their bedroom. Distraught as can be, Wallin summoned the authorities immediately. Upon arriving on the scene, authorities found something exceptionally deplorable about the murder: there was a yogurt container beside the bed, which had been used to drink the blood of the victim (Teresa Wallin). The Behavioral Science Unit of the FBI was called and Robert Ressler and Russell Vorpagel began working on a profile. The duo began by noting that the killing seemed to have been sexually motivated. Statistically, most sexual homicides are intraracial. This means that people who kill for sexual purposes tend to kill within their own race. Since the victim was Caucasian, it would be likely that the killer was too. In addition, a majority of sexual serial killers are white males between the ages of 20 and 39. The second clue came from the condition of the crime scene. There are two types of killers: organized and disorganized. Organized killers take measures to clean up the scene and not leave behind incriminating evidence that may lead to capture. The crimes of these individuals are usually somewhat premeditated and methodical. Disorganized killers are the exact antithesis; their crimes are random and the scenes are disastrous. Such killers make no efforts to cover their tracks. The Wallin scene was a disorganized one. It is therefore logical to assume that a person who is sloppy in his killings is also sloppy in his life. It can be inferred that such a person lives in physical and emotional disarray. It was safe to assume that the perpetrator had been suffering from mental illness for some time since the notion to drink the blood of another human being usually does not develop instantly. From this it is possible to infer that the perpetrator may have been institutionalized or medically treated at some point. Since the killer was disorganized in his life, chances are he is not too concerned with his physical appearance; therefore, he may be undernourished and disheveled. Usually people who are horribly unkempt do not have jobs, so it can be deduced that the killer was receiving some sort of financial assistance such as welfare. Here is the profile that Ressler and Vorpagel created: "White male, aged 25-27; thin, undernourished appearance. Residence will be extremely slovenly and unkempt and evidence of the crime will be found at the residence. History of mental illness, does not associate with either males or females, and will probably spend a great deal of time in his own home, where he lives alone. Unemployed. Possibly receives some form of disability money. If residing with anyone, it would be with his parents; however, this is unlikely. No prior military record; high school or college dropout. Probably suffering from one or more forms of paranoid psychosis." This profile would prove to be eerie in its accuracy in months to come. Just three days after the profile was configured, the killer struck again. Evelyn Miroth, 36, Jason Miroth, 6, and Daniel Meredith, 52, were found dead in Evelyn's home. At the time of the murder, Evelyn was babysitting for her baby nephew, Michael Ferreira. The baby was missing and his playpen was covered in blood. Evelyn's was the only one of the victims to be mutilated, indicating a sexual undertone. Like the first murder scene, this one also exhibited signs that indicated that the killer drank the blood of his victims. After killing the family, the killer sped away in Evelyn's station wagon. The vehicle was then abandoned a short distance away. After studying the details of the second crime, Ressler and Vorpagel embellished and perfected their profile. They theorized that the killer might have had a history of fetish burglaries. They also inferred that the killer lived close to the site of the abandoned vehicle. (Since the crime scene was blood-soaked, chances are the killer was too. He abandoned the car in daylight and walked to his next destination. He would not have been walking around in bloodstained clothing if he had a long journey, so the odds were that he did not live far from where the vehicle was found). Police began questioning people within a half-mile radius of the abandoned vehicle site. Within two days a report was made that would crack the case wide open. The call came from a young woman who had a minor confrontation with a former high school classmate that she had ran into. She mentioned to the police that she was stunned by how undernourished, emaciated and disheveled her old schoolmate was. She also mentioned that he was wearing a bloodstained sweatshirt and had crust around his mouth. She gave the police his name... Richard Trenton Chase. The records indicated that Chase's apartment was less than one block from the site of the abandoned vehicle. As the police headed over to speak with him, he fled with a cardboard box in his hand. The officers cornered him and he threw the box at them. Out of the box flew several bloodstained papers, the pin from baby Michael's diaper and brain matter (later determined to have been Michael's). On his person he had a loaded gun and Daniel Meredith's wallet. Chase's apartment was searched and as predicted by Ressler and Vorpagel, it was a train wreck. The flat was riddled with fecal matter and bloodstained articles of clothing. Body parts and brain matter were found in the refrigerator. Three food processors were covered in blood. A background check of Chase revealed that he had a history of drug abuse and fetish burglaries. He lived alone in his apartment and received money from Social Security. Chase was a white male, age 27. He was once committed to a mental hospital, where he made a habit of chewing the heads off of live birds in the garden. Despite many objections, a psychiatrist released Chase as an outpatient in 1977... just months before his killing spree commenced. In police custody, Chase admitted to another murder prior to that of Teresa Wallin. He shot a man named Ambrose Griffin on December 28, 1977. The bullet from the body was found to be emitted from the gun that Chase was carrying at the time of his arrest. Ressler and Vorpagel created an incredibly accurate profile of the killer and the profile greatly assisted in the capture of Richard Chase. There is no doubt that many lives were spared by the help of the profilers, for were he not apprehended fast, Chase would have continued killing. In his apartment, Chase kept a macabre calendar. The word "TODAY" was printed on the dates of the Wallin and Miroth-Meredith murders. Over the rest of the year, the word "TODAY" appeared 44 more times. If we assume that the inscriptions marked the days that Chase intended to kill, then at least 44 lives were spared by psychological profiling. |
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